The political system of Uganda occurs in an authoritarian context. This dates back to 1894 when  Uganda was a British protectorate. Uganda  was put together in organized kingdoms and chieftaincies around the great lakes region of central Africa. 

History of Political system in Uganda

Later in 1962 when Uganda attained her independence and Dr Apollo Milton Obote who was the leader of Uganda Peoples Congress (UPC) became the first prime minister and the head of government. However a year before indepence the party had lost in several elections to Democratic party (DP). Later  UPC had to collaborate with the pro-monarchy party Kabaka Yekka (KY) which aimed at protecting the institution and the power of the Buganda kingdom so that it doesn’t lose again.

In November 1963 Kabaka Mutesa II the then king of Buganda was elected as the ceremonial president of Uganda sealing the political alliance between UPC and KY. However, this alliance didn’t last long due to differences in agendas between the political party leaders. These include obote’s supporting a referendum on the belonging of the counties of Buwekula, Buyaga and Bugangayizi that belonged to Buganda Kingdom by then. These counties were claimed by the neighboring kingdom of Bunyoro. The referendum stated that the Buganda Kingdom withdrew the two counties to revert them to Bunyoro Kingdom. The King of Buganda was forced to sign the two acts pertaining to the lost counties.  It was upon accusations of dereliction of duty by the President other reasons were not mentioned. Obote decided to suspend the 1962 constitution and on 22nd February 1966 he decided to take over all the power of the state which led to the 1966 crisis.

In April 1966 Obote introduced a new constitution known as pigeonhole constitution where he was supposed to be voted on that very day. The troops stormed the parliament and the constitution was passed without debates. The members of the house were told that they would find their copies in the pigeonholes. Among other things, the federal constitution of the kingdoms was abolished and the prime minister office merged with that of the president. All the executive powers were granted to Obote and Uganda was declared a Republic. This constitution was not accepted by Kabaka and his subjects, insisting on the 1962 constitution. On 24th May 1966 the army stormed the kabaka’s palace in Mengo under the command of Idi Amin Dada but on orders of Obote. The Kabaka managed to escape and he was exiled to Britain where he died. In 1967 president Obote abolished all monarchs and all political parties except UPC making Uganda one party state. The parliament became the constituent assembly.

On 25th January 1971, Idi Amin led the disgruntled army which overthrew Obote. This was the beginning of the era of terror,  tribulation of Ugandans and expelling of Asians especially the Indians and this lasted for 8 years. This led to decline in the country’s  economy.  

According to what had happened in April 1979 Ugandans combined forces under the Uganda National Liberation Front (UNLF) with the help of Tanzania people’s Defence force overthrew Amin’s regime. The party brought together all the disparate Ugandans who had a common goal of fighting the Amin regime. The UNLF was under the leadership of Yusuf Lule who stayed in power for 68 days. After president Lule, Godfrey Binaisa replaced him and then Paulo Muwanga who chaired the Military commission in 1980 that won the general elections.  However UPC was declared the winner of these elections and they were considered rigged. This led to the rise of Obote for a second time as the president of the Republic of Uganda. During this period Ugandans went through trying moments as there was an increase in the insecurities as well as ongoing liberation struggle and the economy was shuttered.

The liberation struggle was led by Yoweri Musevi who was the chairman of the Military commission and the president of the Uganda patriotic movement. The struggle was launched on 6th february in 1981 with 26 compatriots under the umbrella of National Resistance Army. The NRA had divided the country into two different administrative zones and the UNLA was able to force out Obote from the president’s seat on 26th July 1985. Obote II was replaced by the military junta of Generals Tito Okello Lutwa and Bazilio. On 26th February 1986 Tito Okello Lutwa died however the country was now in the control of the NRA. Yoweri Kaguta Museveni was sworn in as the president of the Republic of Uganda. He has the task of rebuilding the country and its human fabric from scratch. To enable this tasks He has ruled the country as an autocrat as the political parties were banned from 1986 to 2006. This was done so that a lot can be achieved over the next ten years as he had stated. The NRA continued to face a lot of challenges including the reactionary UNLA forces in northern Uganda.

Current political system

In 1995 a new constitution was formed creating a non party all inclusive movement system of the government. In the constitution monarchies were restored including the Buganda kingdom except for the Ankole kingdom. The restored monarchies had limits to cultural matters. It also removed presidential term limits and the multi-political party system was legalized. However all the political parties remained suspended and elections to most political offices were given a right to vote. The marginalized groups like women, workers, youths and the disabled were given special treatment in all the administrative units in the government. With the first female vice president in Sub Saharan Africa Specioza Wandira Kazibwe who was appointed in 1994. The military also got representatives in the parliament. This system was supposed to be reviewed every after 4 years. 

Later in 1996 general elections were held and Yoweri Museveni was returned as the president of Uganda. He became the first president to be elected by people. In 2001 he was again returned by the popular mandate to the office of president. 

The Uganda multi party referendum was held in July 2005 and Ugandans resolved to restore to the multi party politics this was the end of the movement system. In February 2006 multi party elections were held for both parliament and presidential offices. Again president Yoweri Kaguta Museveni under the National Resistance Movement (NRM) defeated his opponent Dr Kizza Besigye from the Forum for Democratic Change (FDC). The NRM took the highest of the seats in parliament. However Besigye didn’t accept his defeat. He claimed fraud and rejected the results. The supreme court of Uganda ruled that the elections were ruined by violence, voter disenfranchisement, intimidation and other irregularities. The courts decided to go with a majority vote. From that time Museveni has used legal means including violence and patronage so as to  maintain power. 

Political parties and elections

Presidential elections

Under the constitution of Uganda, the head of the state is the president who is elected by the popular vote to a five year term. The recent presidential elections took place on 14th February 2021 with 11 aspirants including a woman. These elections were marred with violence and condemnation and sanctions against individuals and organizations responsible for human rights. Uganda’s current president is Yoweri Kaguta Museveni who is also the leader of the armed forces. Museveni was elected with 58.38% votes. In addition to the presidential office, there is a cabinet which is appointed by the president. Among these offices include; the prime minister who is the head of government business and assists the president in the supervision of the cabinet.  The current prime minister is Robinah Nabbanja. Others include the vice president, and a number of ministers who run the state. All the executive power is exercised by the government. The legislative power is given to both the government and National Assembly. This system is based on democracy as citizens above 18 years have equal rights.

Judiciary and politics

The Judiciary operates independently and consists of supreme court, courts of appeal (also works as constitutional court), high courts and magistrate courts. The judges in high court and Court of Appeal are appointed by the president those court of Appeal are approved by the legislature

The cultural center is located 12 kms from Mbarara city and 13 km away from Lake Mburo national park  along Masaka – Mbarara highway in western Uganda. Igongo cultural center is one of the best places in Uganda where one can experience the culture of people from western Uganda. For instance the Bakiga, Banyankole, Banyoro and Batooro. The cultural center offers traditional dance and drama, farm tour, traditional milk and ghee processing, traditional millet grinding and museum tour. Igongo cultural center is strategically located near national parks in south west and western Uganda. The nearby national parks include Queen Elizabeth, Lake Mburo, Bwindi impenetrable and Mgahinga national park

Tourist attractions at Igongo cultural center

Erijukiro museum

This is one of museums in Uganda that preserves the ancient Ankole culture. There are a lot of items kept in this museum that refer to the Ankole kingdom. For instance the long horned cattle  which represents the Ankole cattle keepers. Other items include hides and skins, stools, milk pots, regalia, Ankole attires, and the Mburo gardens which features the people and animals of long ago in Ankole. The Erijukiro museum attracts researchers, students and cultural tourists.

Mpororo court

It is also known as Kitami palace. Inside the palace there are milk pots, royal drums, spears, statues of women council and regalia. The local guide will take you around telling about the leadership of Mpororo kingdom in the 18th century.

Cultural village

The village is also known as Itaramiro meaning where people gather. This cultural village consists of grass thatched huts bearing designs of farmers and cattle keepers. Tourists are able to meet with local communities who share stories, riddles and proverbs about the Ankole kingdom to them.

The Eclipse monument

The place is also known as the 1520 AD Biharwe Eclipse monument and it is located across the Igongo cultural center. The story about this monument dates back to 1520 AD when the three kings involved in the fight. It is said that the king of Bunyoro Omukama Rwitamahanga Olimi I attacked the king of Ankole, Nyabugaro Ntaro I and Buganda’s Ssekabaka Nakibinge at Biharwe hill. The king of Bunyoro and his companions raided all of their cattle. As they were taking them to Bunyoro kingdom the place experienced a total eclipse. When the darkness fell the king thought that demons of people that lost their lives during the war had started to haunt them. The king of Bunyoro directed his subjects to leave behind the cows and run to save their lives. The Banyankole shared the abandoned cows and other items that were taken during the war among themselves. They named these cows Empenda ya Munoni claiming that they were from heaven. The Biharwe hill eclipse monument offers clear views of the Igongo cultural center. 

Accommodation 

There are a number of hotels around Igongo cultural center ranging from budget, midrange to luxury. These include Agip hotel, Rwizi arch hotel, lake view resort hotel and hotel triangle. All of these accommodations have enough parking space and security. They also offer breakfast depending on your budget.

How to access Igongo cultural center

Igongo cultural center can be accessed by air or road. By air, one can board from Entebbe airport or Kajjansi airstrip to Mbarara airstrip taking 48 mins. Later the company guide will pick you and embark on a 30 mins drive via Mbarara northern bypass and Mbarara – Masaka road later you will be able to access the Igongo cultural center. 

By road from Kampala city to Igongo cultural center  the journey is 256 km (4 hrs and 30 mins drive). However many tourists prefer road to air transport since they are able to see how people meet their daily lives along the way. There are also other tourist attractions that one can make a stop over for some activities for instance equator for photos, lake Mburo National park for wildlife safari, community walks and horse riding. 

The Kyeganywa hill is located in Kabarole district near Kabindikwa and Kangolya town a few kilometers from Fort Portal City western Uganda. The hill is 1588 meters above sea level. Hiking Kyeganywa hill offers entire views of Fort Portal city and Rwenzori mountains. Since the place is dotted with crater lakes, the top of this hill offers a panoramic 360 view of three crater lakes for instance lake Kigere, Saaka and Nyabikora. In case one wants to have clear views of lake Saaka you have to climb up to the top of the hill. Climbing Kyeganywa hill takes an hour to and fro.

Tourist attractions near Kyeganywa hill

Amabere ga Nyina Mwiru caves

The caves are located in Nyakasura village 10 kms away from FortPortal city and 32 kms from Kibale forest National park. Amabere ga Nyina Mwiru means the breasts of Nyina Mwiru where the caves got their names. Nyinamwiru was a daughter to king Bukuku of the Batembuzi dynasty in the 14th century. The Batembuzi were believed to have demigods and supernatural powers as they could vanish in the air. The caves are built on the folklore of Nyinamwiru’s  refusal to get married to the man her father King Bukuku had chosen. Her disobedience  maddened her father and the subjects were embarrassed on how the king was disobeyed. Later the king decided to cut off her breasts and threw them in the caves. This was done so that no man could fall for Nyinamwiru and also she couldn’t breastfeed her kids. However other stories state that the cutting of Nyinamwiru’s breast was done following the prophecy the king got. The prophecy stated that Nyinamwiru would marry and produce a son called Ndawura who would kill the king and take over the kingship. King Bukuku was not happy with this so he decided to cut off his daughter’s breasts, deforming her so that no man would fall for her. Little did he know that Nyinamwiru was pregnant already. Geographically, these breast-like features on the caves explain the stalactites and stalagmites. These features were formed as a result of chemical reactions between water and the limestone. Within the Amabere caves there are three crater lakes, footprints of the demigods and waterfall. 

Kibale forest National park

The national park is located in western Uganda covering an area of 795 sq kms most covered with tropical forest. Kibale forest National park is famously known for having the highest number of the primates in East Africa with the most popular activity being chimpanzee tracking. The park boasts 120 mammal species including 13 primate species. For instance chimpanzees, black and white colobus monkeys, olive baboons, red tailed monkeys, L’Hoest monkeys among others. Other mammals include; elephants, antelopes and buffaloes. The primates walks are done in different centers within the park; these include Kanyanchu visitors center for chimpanzee trekking. Bigodi swamp is used for birding and other primates watching. The forest is also a home to 370 birds including 23 Albertine rift endemics; these include; blue headed bee eater, lowland masked apalis, cassin’s spinetail and Nahan’s Francolin. 

Semliki National park

The park is located in the western region of Uganda, Bundibugyo district sharing its borders with the Democratic Republic of Congo (DR Congo). Semliki National park is nestled between Lake Albert to the north and the Rwenzori Mountains to the east and surrounded by the Lamia and Semliki rivers. The protected area was originally established as the Bwamba forest reserve in 1932. Later in 1993 it transformed into a national park with an aim of combating deforestation and preserving the area’s biodiversity. Semliki boasts an array of 60 mammal species and over 435 bird species. The birds checklist features 35 Guinea-Congo forest biome bird species which are endemic to East Africa. These include Congo serpent eagle, red-rumped tinkerbird, Gabon woodpecker, spot-breasted ibis, black dwarf hornbill, Hartlaub’s duck, long-tailed hawk, and chestnut-flanked goshawk. The park’s ecosystem extends to the insect population. Semliki has over 300 butterfly species, including 46 species of forest swallowtail and 235 moth species. The park has a number of tourist attractions for instance Sempaya hot springs, cultural encounters, Semliki river among others.

Rwenzori mountains

The Ruwenzori mountains are also known as Rwenzori or Rwenjura, and sometimes referred to as Rwenzururu, is a mountain range located in southwestern region of Uganda on the eastern side of the Albertine African rift valley. The mountains are along the border with the Democratic Republic of the Congo (DRC) sharing 50 km (31 mi) with DRC’s Virunga National Park.  The Rwenzori mountains have six massifs that stretch 120 kms long and 65 km wide. These massifs are separated by deep gorges these include; Mount Stanley (5,109 meters), Mount Speke (4,890 meters), Mount Baker (4,843 meters), Mount Emin (4,798 meters), Mount Gessi (4,715 meters), and Mount Luigi di Savoia (4,627 meters). Among these Mount Stanley boasts many other subsidiary summits with Margherita being the highest. Within the mountains there are over 70 mammal species and these can be seen when hiking the Rwenzori mountains. Among these mammals include Albertine endemics, some exclusive to the park and are classified as rare species. During mountain climbing tourists are able to spot some of these mammals for instance elephants, brushbacks, Rwenzori otters among others.

The Rwenzori mountains are found in the western  Uganda in the eastern arm of rift valley extending across the Democratic Republic of Congo and Virunga National Park. The Rwenzori mountains also known as Rwenjura or Rwenzururu are ranges of mountains with 6 peaks separated by gorges for instance; Mount Luigi di Savoia 4,627m, Mount Gessi 4,715m, Mount Emin 4,798 m, Mount Baker 4,843m, Mount Speke (4,890m), and Mount Stanley at 5,109m. Mount Stanley has other minor peaks, with Margherita being the highest peak making it the third highest in Africa. The upper regions of these ranges are permanently snow-capped and glaciated.

These mountains are located in Rwenzori Mountain National park that covers an area of 996 sq kms with rocky outcrops, lakes, cliffs, and different vegetation zones. The park was gazetted and recognised as a World heritage site in 1991. Later in 2008 the protected area was recognized as a Ramsar site. Hiking the Rwenzori mountains takes from 7 to 12 days to complete the trek to the peak depending on the routes one uses. There are other itinenaries for instance 9 days mountain Rwenzori hiking. These  treks go through the Bakonzo villages.

The Rwenzori Mountains have different hiking routes, each providing a unique experience with different attractions along the way. Some of these hiking trails include:

The Central Circuit Trail is the shortest and most popular old tracking route used by mountaineers to Margherita peak. The trail starts from Mihunga gate and passes through Bukuju via John matte and Nyabitaba. Then the trail leads to other peaks to the scott elliot pass to lake Kitandara, Elena Glacier and Bujuku valley. Further it navigates through different vegetation zones that offer views of Mount stanley, Mount speke and the weismann peak. The trail crosses the lower and upper bigo bogs which support the boardwalks in the area. Also the route follows thick forests that are habitat to different mammal and bird species. For Instance; forest elephants, forest buffaloes, hyraxes, L’Hoest monkeys, black and white colobus monkeys while birds include; handsome francolin, strange weaver, barred long tailed cuckoo, and Rwenzori Turaco. Along the way there are distributed huts that are used for overnight stays by the Mountaineers. These huts are weather condition tolerant. The safaris along this trail typically takes around 6 to 7 days to complete depending on one’s strength and preference. The central circuit trail is managed by Rwenzori mountaineering service owned by the locals around Rwenzori mountains.

The Kilembe Trail also known as the southern circuit located 14 km west of Kasese municipality and managed by the Rwenzori Trekking service (RTS). The trail starts from the town of Kilembe and passes through lush montane forests, bamboo zones, and alpine. It also follows the combination of trails along the Kamusoni, Nyamugasani and Nyamwamba river valleys. Professor Scott Elliot first discovered this route in 1895 before Luigi di Savoia had developed another route from Nyakalengija via the Bujuku valley. Using the Kilembe trail the hiking distance to the peak is longer compared to when one has used a central circuit. Being the longest route, Kirembe trail offers climbing experience and views of glaciers, lake Muhoma as well as flora and fauna. This will also lead to pushing the excursion for more days.

Lake Mahoma Trail is another alternative to the central circuit and was opened in 2012. The route is short and more wildlife oriented. Mountaineers hike from Nyakalengija trail at an altitude of 2088m into bamboo forest where the glacial lake Muhoma offers a view of the high peaks. The trail takes 2 to 3 days to complete and offers scenic views of waterfalls, rivers, and dense forests. Tourists are able to see different mammal species along the way like L’Hoest monkeys, blue monkeys, black and white colobus monkeys, forest elephants and forest buffoles.  The trail is suitable for hikers of all fitness levels and provides opportunities for cultural encounters with local communities.

The Bukunguru trail was developed after the central circuit and Kilembe trail. The trail is mostly used by wild nature enthusiasts and those who like camping. Along the route there are four lakes for instance; Irene, Bujuku, Mughuli and Bukunguru. These are accompanied by the mountain rivers and waterfalls. This trail takes 8 days to complete or to reach Margherita peak. There are no huts though having safe organized areas and all the routes on this trail are managed by the Bujuku eco tours.

However as of May 14 2024, Uganda Wildlife Authority temporarily suspended hiking activities to Margherita peak in Rwenzori National park. The organization came up with the decision of installing a permanent ladder on the right side of Margherita glacier as precautionary measure for the crevasse formation in the Margherita glacier. This alternative route offers secure passage for hikers

Best time to climb Rwenzori mountains

Climbing Rwenzori mountains can be done any time around the year, although the best time to climb is during the dry seasons that occur from June to August and December to February. During these months, the weather is generally more stable with lower chances of rainfall and tourists are able to see Rwenzori mountain at its finest. During the months of December to February the weather tends to be steady with warm days and cold nights. Tourists in these months are able to climb up to the peak and summit the margherita. Also this short period of time offers tourists an opportunity to see Rwenzori mountains at their best. 

Mountain Rwenzori national park is visited more often during these months of dry season and tourists get the opportunity to enjoy the chilly weather around the mountains. However, the Rwenzori Mountains can experience rainfall at any time of the year due to their proximity to the equator. Even during the dry seasons, it can drizzle and tourists should be prepared for variable weather conditions regardless of when you choose to climb.

A new African Grey Parrot conservation center has opened at the Uganda Wildlife Education Centre in Entebbe. The facility was established with funding from the Japanese International Cooperation Agency (JICA) and Chubu University in Japan. Its primary purpose is to support research on African gray parrots, promote eco-tourism, and contribute to education and the local economy.

Many people’s interactions with parrots have been limited to seeing them in cages. Parrots and parakeets are popular pets in households worldwide because of their unique ability to mimic sounds and their colorful plumage. However, the demand for these intelligent birds has led to widespread capture and captive breeding to supply the global pet market.

Exotic species like the African gray parrot are particularly sought after due to their high intelligence, which ranks among the highest in the animal kingdom, alongside apes and cetaceans. Their remarkable ability to mimic voices and solve problems has contributed to their popularity.

The conservation center aims to raise awareness about the importance of preserving African gray parrots and their natural habitat. Through research, education, and eco-tourism initiatives, it seeks to promote conservation efforts and ensure the long-term survival of these fascinating birds.

The African gray parrot, also known as the “world’s most traded bird,” has been listed as endangered by the International Union for Conservation of Nature due to a significant decline in numbers, particularly in western and central African rainforests, largely because of poaching. Uganda, with its tropical forests, is one of the habitats for these parrots. Since the 1970s, over 1.2 million African gray parrots have been traded globally.

The hunting of African grays from the wild has severely harmed their population. Additionally, the extensive trade has raised concerns about biosecurity. Recently, the Wildlife Trust of India’s enforcement team uncovered an illegal trade racket involving African gray parrots. This highlights the urgent need for conservation efforts to protect these birds and their habitats.

According to the UWEC Manager for Education and Information, the new facility will enhance the center’s efforts to become a focal point for African gray parrot conservation. Additionally, it will serve as a training center for communities to learn about conserving this endangered bird species.

This represents a modern approach to tourism, aiming to benefit local communities through various livelihood enterprises such as homestays, birding, and forest walks, which are popular among tourists visiting bird communities. The goal is to empower communities residing in areas where these parrots are found. Islands like Ngamba and Koome are expected to benefit from these initiatives.

In addition to the African gray parrot, the Uganda Wildlife Education and Conservation Center is home to a variety of birds. These include the African fish eagle, Pink-backed Pelican, peacock, ostrich, and gray crowned crane.

The Toro Semliki Wildlife Reserve sits in the western region of Uganda, spanning across Ntoroko and Kabarole districts. Originally established as a game reserve in 1926, it covers an area of 542 square kilometers. The reserve is set in a striking rift valley landscape, nestled between the Rwenzori Mountains, Kijura Escarpment, and Lake Albert. It holds particular appeal for bird-watchers due to its diverse avian population. With an impressive checklist, the reserve boasts many birding specials, including species endemic to the Albertine Rift.

Climate and weather 

The climate in Toro-Semliki Wildlife Reserve is consistently hot throughout the year. Daytime temperatures hover around 30°C/86°F, while nighttime temperatures drop to about 18°C/64°F. Unlike some other places, Toro-Semliki does not have a distinct dry season. Instead, rain can occur unpredictably at any time. However, the area experiences two distinct Wet seasons: one from March to May and another from August to November.

Vegetation of Toro Semliki Wildlife Reserve

The dominant vegetation type in the wildlife reserve is open acacia-combretum woodland and grassy savannah. This landscape is punctuated by patches of Borassus palm forest, extensive belts of riparian woodland along the main watercourses, and large swamps near Lake Albert. Although the reserve itself does not boast remarkable topography, sitting at a relatively low altitude of around 700 meters above sea level, on clear days, visitors can enjoy breathtaking views. To the east, the Rift Valley escarpment rises sharply from the shores of Lake Albert, while the 2500-meter-high Congolese Blue Mountains grace the western horizon. Additionally, the glacial peaks of the Rwenzori Mountains are visible to the southwest, adding to the scenic beauty of the reserve.

Wildlife in Toro Semliki Wildlife Reserve

Toro-Semliki National Park is home to many of the same major species found in Queen Elizabeth and Murchison Falls National Parks. Among these are warthogs, elephants, waterbuck, buffalo, Uganda Kob, giant forest hogs, and hippos. Additionally, the park hosts a variety of primates, including chimpanzees, red-tailed monkeys, baboons, black and white colobus monkeys, and vervet monkeys.

One notable feature of the elephant population in the reserve is its diversity, comprising both savannah and forest elephants, as well as a hybrid type resulting from inbreeding. This unique aspect adds to the richness of wildlife experiences available to visitors exploring Toro-Semliki National Park.

Activities done in Toro Semliki Wildlife Reserve

Birding 

Toro-Semliki Wildlife Reserve is a home for approximately 460 bird species. Birdwatching enthusiasts can enjoy their hobby in the morning or afternoon, with opportunities to spot a variety of avian treasures. Among the notable species that can be sighted are the elusive shoebill stork, the vibrant red-throated bee eater, the striking Luhders Bushrike, the exquisite Tropical Boubal, the distinctive Black-billed Barbet, the majestic Abyssinian Ground-hornbill, the Arrow-marked Babbler, the elegant Black-headed Bushshrike, and the agile Red-necked Falcon.

These birds can be observed during nature walks or boat rides on Lake Albert. Moreover, from November to April, the reserve welcomes migratory birds, enhancing the diversity of avifauna. Due to its proximity to Semliki National Park, visitors also have the opportunity to encounter various Congolese rainforest species, enriching the birdwatching experience in Toro-Semliki Wildlife Reserve.

Boat ride on Lake Albert

Two boat cruises are available on Lake Albert, one at dawn and another at sunset, primarily sought after by birdwatchers eager to spot the elusive shoebill stork. These majestic birds often conceal themselves among the papyrus and weeds along the marshy shorelines. Additionally, bird enthusiasts may have the opportunity to observe other avian species such as the African Pygmy Goose, Blue-breasted and Blue-cheeked Bee-eaters, and Blue-headed Coucal.

The morning boat safari, considered the highlight of the experience, is offered by lodges and the wildlife reserve. 

Primate walk

The chimpanzee population in Toro Semliki Wildlife Reserve is of particular scientific interest because they inhabit a drier environment compared to those in Kibale, Budongo, or Kyambura. This means they must travel longer distances to find food and have been observed walking on their hind legs for short distances. 

During the chimpanzee trekking, which typically lasts 3–4 hours, you will be accompanied by a ranger guide who will lead you through riparian and acacia woods, Borassus palm forests, and savannah grasslands. It’s important to note that chimpanzees in this area are less habituated compared to those in other habitats.

In addition to chimpanzees, visitors may also encounter other primate species such as vervet monkeys, black and white colobus monkeys, red-tailed monkeys, and olive baboons. 

Hiking Nyaburogo gorge

The hike begins at the park headquarters and covers a distance of 7km, leading through diverse habitats such as savanna grassland, woodland, and a forest in the gorge. This trail is popular among birdwatchers, offering opportunities to spot various bird species including the Luhdrers Bushrike, Tropical Boubal, Black-headed Bushshrike, and Arrow-marked Babbler.

Along the way, hikers may also encounter primates such as black and white colobus monkeys, vervet monkeys, and olive baboons. While rare, there is a possibility of spotting chimpanzees as well. 

Best time to visit Toro Semliki Wildlife Reserve

It’s essential to consider the timing of your visit to Toro-Semliki due to its hot climate, where temperatures drop significantly after sunset and there’s a constant threat of rain. Despite experiencing heavy rainfall during its two wet seasons (March to May and August to November), the relief from the heat is minimal, particularly in March to May when local roads may become impassable due to flooding.

The dry seasons (December to February and June to July) offer somewhat drier conditions, making it more comfortable for visitors. Animal watching is particularly rewarding during these periods, as there is abundant sunshine, rare rainfall, and animals tend to gather around water sources, facilitating wildlife sightings. Bird enthusiasts will also find these months ideal for birdwatching, especially from January to March. Additionally, monkey trekking is recommended during the mid-year dry season (June to July).

However, for the remainder of the year, visitors should anticipate heavy rainfall and should come prepared with appropriate wet-weather clothing. Some routes may become inaccessible during the wetter months due to flooding.

How to get to Toro Semliki Wildlife Reserve

By road transport, there are two routes to choose from. The first route is via Kampala and Fort Portal through Mubende, passing by Kibale National Park, covering a distance of 290 kilometers and taking approximately 6-7 hours to drive. The second route is longer, approximately 465 kilometers, and passes through Masaka, Mbarara, and Kasese. This route offers many tourist attractions along the way, including Lake Mburo National Park, Igongo Cultural Village, and Queen Elizabeth National Park. Upon reaching Fort Portal, travelers should take the Semuliki National Park route for the initial 28 kilometers, then turn right at Karugutu trade town, leading to Toro Semliki Wildlife Reserve, which takes about 1 hour to drive.

Alternatively, travelers can opt for air transport by booking chartered flights from Entebbe International Airport or Kajjansi Airfield. Companies such as Aerolink and Bar Aviation offer regular flights to the airstrip at Toro Semliki Wildlife Reserve, managed by UWA.

Entry fee for Toro Semliki Wildlife Reserve

The entry fee for Foreign adults is USD $35. Driving or walking along the main road to Bundibugyo, just beyond the park’s southeastern boundary, or staying overnight at Bumaga Visitor Camp is free of charge. However, since Semliki National Park and Toro-Semliki Wildlife Reserve are independent entities, travelers who visit both must pay two sets of entry fee, even if they do so within the same 24-hour period.

Mubwindi Swamp, located within Bwindi Impenetrable National Park in the Ruhija sector, holds a mysterious tale passed down through generations. Translating to “Dark Swamp,” its name reflects the ominous atmosphere surrounding its story.

According to local lore dating back to the 1920s, the Kigezi clan embarked on a journey from the southwest to the north of Kigezi, passing through the forest where the swamp lies. When they reached Mubwindi Swamp, it appeared too vast for them to cross, and with no way back, they found themselves trapped.

Desperate to continue their journey or find a way back, they wandered aimlessly around the swamp for days. As exhaustion set in, they heard a voice emanating from the swamp, believed to be the voices of ghosts. The voice demanded the sacrifice of the most beautiful girl among them in exchange for safe passage through the swamp.

Initially resistant, the elders eventually responded to the haunting voice’s demand after days of fruitless searching. They selected the most beautiful girl among them and, with heavy hearts, threw her into the gloomy waters of the swamp.

Miraculously, after the sacrifice, a path emerged, allowing the clan to cross to the northern side of the swamp. However, when they looked back, the path they had used had vanished, leaving them to settle in the north.

Haunted by the memory of losing their beautiful daughter to the swamp, the clan named the place “Mubwindi bwa Nyinamukari,” signifying the darkness that consumed their beloved girl.

This chilling tale of sacrifice and loss has become intertwined with the identity of Mubwindi Swamp, leaving a lasting impression on the local community and visitors alike. Today, the swamp serves as a reminder of the power of folklore and the mysteries that lie within the depths of nature.

Flora of Mubwindi swamp

Mubwindi Swamp is surrounded by dense stands of moist lower montane forest, and its vegetation is a result of various factors including climate, soil, demographics, and human influence. The swamp consists of deep layers of peat-rich deposits, and pollen data from sediment cores provide insights into the history of montane vegetation.

The pollen record indicates changes in vegetation over time, with interruptions possibly due to sedimentary gaps. Radiocarbon dating, charcoal analysis, and particle size investigations help place this vegetation history within broader discussions about past climates, forest refuges, and human impacts.

Before and after the last glacial maximum, the vegetation around Mubwindi Swamp was different from what we see today. There was an increase in certain plant types like Artemisia, Ericaceae, Faurea, and Stoebe, while others like Ilex, Olea, Podocarpus, and Zanthoxylum persisted.

These persistent taxa may have survived due to favorable terrain or soil conditions. The changes in montane forest composition are believed to be linked to recent shifts towards drier climates, leading to an increase in plants associated with degraded forests and a decline in timber sources.

Fauna in Mubwindi swamp

Within Mubwindi Swamp lies the Mubwindi trail, which offers access to various parts of Bwindi National Park. This trail typically takes around 4-5 hours to complete, showcasing stunning views as it winds through the jungles and slopes of the Bwindi forest.

The Mubwindi Swamp trail treats hikers to vistas of lush valleys and the majestic Virunga Massifs. It serves as a popular route for activities such as birding, gorilla trekking, and nature walks. Along the trail, adventurers may encounter a variety of mammals, including mountain gorillas, black and white colobuses, forest elephants, bushpigs, blue monkeys, bushbucks, and black-fronted duikers.

Moreover, the swamp is home to a diverse array of bird species, including many Albertine endemics. Therefore, bird enthusiasts are often drawn to this trail. It’s advisable to hike with a park ranger, especially for safety in gorilla trekking areas. Additionally, having a knowledgeable bird guide can enhance the birding experience.

Things to do in Mubwindi swamp.

Bird watching

The Mubwindi Swamp is home to around 100 bird species, including the Albertine endemics. Among the species that can be spotted in this area are the African green broadbill, black-billed turaco, tambourine dove, northern puffback, Grauer’s warbler, Rwenzori Apalis, Rwenzori Batis, Gray parrot, coqui francolin, African swift, Ring-necked francolin, Grauer’s broadbill, red-faced crimsonwing, papyrus canary, Oriole finch, blue-headed sunbird, Rwenzori hill babbler, strange weaver, African paradise flycatcher, Elliot’s woodpecker, bar-tailed trogon, and white-headed wood hoopoes.

Whether you’re an experienced birder or a casual observer, the swamp offers an excellent opportunity to witness the beauty of birdlife in its natural habitat. 

The Ngogo Chimpanzee Project is found in Kibale National Park in Uganda and stands as a beacon of dedication to studying and protecting the Ngogo chimpanzee community. The project was founded in 1995 by David Watts of Yale University and John Mitani from the University of Michigan and has been a hub of scientific inquiry and conservation efforts aimed at understanding and safeguarding these magnificent creatures.

The Ngogo chimpanzee community, renowned for its sheer size and remarkable composition. With nearly 200 individuals, including 32 adult males and 50 adult females, this community represents a scale unprecedented in the chimpanzee world. Such a vast community stands in stark contrast to others within Kibale National Park, where populations typically range from 44 to 60 individuals. Even the largest previously documented community, the Mahlae “M Group,” peaked at 114 members before declining an indication of the exceptional nature of the Ngogo community.

The Ngogo community’s sprawling home range, comparable in size to other chimpanzee communities, harbors a population density three times higher, highlighting the unique ecological dynamics at play in this corner of the park. Researchers at Ngogo are tirelessly unraveling the mysteries behind this phenomenon, exploring various facets of chimpanzee behavior, social dynamics, and ecological interactions.

A key focus of research at Ngogo revolves around chimpanzee feeding ecology, shedding light on the critical role of food availability in shaping community size and density. Unlike other sites within Kibale National Park, where certain tree species are scarce, Ngogo boasts an abundance of essential food sources, particularly the giant fig Ficus mucuso. This tree species, with its year-round fruit production, serves as a lifeline for Ngogo chimpanzees, ensuring a steady food supply throughout the seasons.

In addition to observing chimpanzee behavior, researchers diligently collect biological samples for genetic and hormonal analyses, providing valuable insights into the genetic diversity and health of the Ngogo community. Moreover, the project collaborates closely with local communities and law enforcement agencies to combat illegal hunting, safeguarding chimpanzee populations from external threats.

Researchers at Ngogo also play a pivotal role in the process of habituating chimpanzees for tourism, ensuring that these activities are conducted responsibly to minimize disturbance to the animals and their habitat. By providing financial support for local and government-led conservation efforts, researchers contribute to the long-term protection of chimpanzees and their environment.

Despite the remarkable success of the Ngogo Chimpanzee Project, challenges remain. The historical presence of humans in the area underscores the ongoing need for conservation efforts to preserve these invaluable ecosystems for future generations. As a research site, Ngogo continues to provide invaluable insights into forest ecology and chimpanzee behavior, guiding efforts towards sustainable management practices that protect wildlife and their habitats.

In addition to chimpanzees, Kibale National Park is home to a diverse array of wildlife, including several diurnal and nocturnal primate species. These include red tailed monkeys, blue monkeys, L’hoest’s monkey, red colobus, black and white colobus, baboons, and grey-cheeked mangabeys.  Vervets occur along the forest margin and in grasslands in some areas.  Nocturnal primates include pottos, Demidov’s dwarf galago, and the eastern needle-clawed bushbaby. 

Historically, leopards may have hunted chimpanzees in Kibale, but they are no longer present in the area. Instead, Kibale National Park is home to a diverse range of forest-dwelling animals, including various ungulates like blue duikers, red duikers, bushbucks, and bush pigs, which are potential prey for chimpanzees. Additionally, the forest supports a rich array of rodents, birds, and invertebrates that make up the chimpanzees’ diet.

The park also boasts a sizable population of elephants, which play a significant role in shaping the forest ecosystem. Elephants feed on saplings and small trees, affecting the forest’s structure. Their browsing habits, combined with predation by rodents and insects on seeds and seedlings, can hinder forest regeneration, especially in large gaps.

A gorilla permit is a crucial document issued by government authorities, such as the Uganda Wildlife Authority and the Rwanda Development Board, that enables tourists aged about 15 years and above to trek mountain gorillas in designated habitats. These habitats include Bwindi Impenetrable and Mgahinga in Uganda, as well as Volcanoes in Rwanda and Virunga National Parks in Congo.

The cost of a gorilla permit covers essential services, including the provision of two armed rangers and a guide who accompany trekkers into the jungle, leading them to where these majestic creatures reside. Before venturing into the forest, the gorilla permit is first validated at the park headquarters. Trekkers are then grouped with others before being allocated to their assigned gorilla family.

Once allocated, trekkers are granted one precious hour to spend in the presence of these magnificent creatures. Gorilla trekking involves traversing long distances through the rainforest, searching for gorilla families and enjoying a specified period with them. The duration of this activity can range from 1 to 9 hours, depending on the location of the gorillas, although most tourists typically find them within 3 hours.

In Uganda, gorilla trekking primarily takes place in Bwindi Impenetrable Forest, home to 19 habituated gorilla families, representing almost half of the world’s mountain gorilla population. Additionally, Mgahinga National Park hosts two gorilla groups situated within the Virunga Mountains, straddling the borders of Uganda, Rwanda, and Congo. These habitats extend into Rwanda’s Volcanoes National Park and Congo’s Virunga National Park.

How much is a gorilla permit in Uganda

In Uganda, a gorilla permit costs USD 800 per person per day for tourists. The minimum age requirement for obtaining a gorilla permit is 15 years old. However, there are different rates for certain groups. For foreign residents with work permits, the cost is USD 700 per person, while East African nationals can acquire a permit for UGX 300,000 per person.

The Uganda Wildlife Authority is responsible for issuing gorilla permits, and the price remains consistent regardless of where you purchase it. Special permits may be available on occasion, offering unique opportunities for visitors.

These permits contribute to the conservation efforts aimed at protecting these endangered primates.

How many gorilla permits available in Uganda

In Uganda, there are a total of 192 gorilla permits available for tourists who wish to trek in the Bwindi Impenetrable and Mgahinga National Parks. These permits allow visitors to join one of the 24 gorilla groups inhabiting these parks. However, each gorilla group can only accommodate a maximum of 8 members per day.

With the limited number of permits and the high demand from tourists, it’s crucial to plan ahead. During the peak season, there are often more tourists than available permits. To avoid disappointment, travelers are strongly advised to book their permits 5 to 6 months in advance of their desired tour date.

Gorilla permits can be purchased directly from the Uganda Wildlife Authority (UWA) offices in Kampala, or visitors can opt to use a tour operator to handle the booking process on their behalf.

How gorilla permits are allocated

Gorilla permits in Uganda are allocated based on the specific regions or trailheads where habituated gorilla groups reside within the gorilla parks. In Uganda, there are five main regions designated for gorilla trekking: Buhoma (in the northern section), Nkuringo (in the southern section), Rushaga (in the southwest section), and Ruhija (in the eastern section) within Bwindi Impenetrable Forest, as well as Mgahinga National Park.

When booking a gorilla permit in Uganda, it’s important to specify the region where you prefer to trek mountain gorillas. Unlike Uganda, Rwanda has only one trailhead, and gorilla permits are issued on a first-come, first-serve basis.

Each region offers various accommodation options, so knowing where you’ll stay, eat, and rest is crucial in deciding which region to choose for purchasing your gorilla trekking permit.

Additionally, it’s essential to understand that gorilla permits are not transferable between regions. If a permit is obtained for a specific region, such as Buhoma, it cannot be used for trekking in another region, such as Nkuringo or Rushaga. Therefore, travelers must ensure they book accommodations and plan their itinerary accordingly to match the chosen gorilla trekking region, preventing any wasted permits.

When the gorilla permit expires or you don’t happen to see gorillas

If your gorilla permit expires before you have the chance to trek the mountain gorillas, you unfortunately forfeit the opportunity. However, there is an option to reschedule the permit for another date, provided it’s done at least a week before the original tracking date. After the permit has expired, rescheduling is not permitted by the Uganda Wildlife Authority (UWA).

UWA allows for two reschedules of gorilla permits and the third reschedule requires special approval from the Executive Director and incurs a 25% penalty fee. Rescheduling is possible even if the permit is only partly paid, but for a second reschedule, the permit must be fully paid.

For promotional gorilla permits, rescheduling is only allowed within the promotional period. If rescheduled outside this period, the booker must pay the price difference at the prevailing non-discounted rates.

Gorilla permits in Uganda can be booked up to two years in advance, requiring a minimum 30% deposit at the time of reservation. The balance must be paid less than 90 days before the trekking date. Failure to pay the balance results in the loss of the 30% deposit, and the permit is canceled.

In the event that gorillas are not found during tracking, the Executive Director may authorize rescheduling for the following day, depending on trekking slot availability. If rescheduling is not possible, the Executive Director may authorize cancellation of the permit, with a 50% refund issued upon confirmation by the respective Chief Warden/Warden in Charge of the inability to access gorillas

Gorilla permit cancellation process 

If you decide to cancel your gorilla trekking permit, the refund policy varies depending on how far in advance you make the cancellation.

If you request cancellation within eight (8) days of the tracking date, unfortunately, no refunds will be issued by the Uganda Wildlife Authority (UWA).

Cancellation requests made between nine (9) to forty-five (45) days before the tracking date will entitle you to a refund of 25% of the permit value.

For cancellations made between forty-six (46) to ninety (90) days prior to the tracking date, you will receive 50% of the permit value as a refund.

Clients who request cancellation ninety-one (91) days or more before the tracking date will be entitled to a refund of 75% of the permit value. Though it is advisable to do reschedule your gorilla permit since Uganda Revenue Authority doesn’t t usually refund. 

It’s important to note these refund policies when considering canceling your gorilla trekking permit, as they are designed to provide some reimbursement based on the timing of the cancellation.

The Sebei, also known as the Sabinyi, are a Southern Nilotic ethnic group found across various countries in East Africa, including Eastern Uganda, Western Kenya, the Democratic Republic of Congo, South Sudan, Ethiopia, and Tanzania. In Uganda, they primarily inhabit three districts for instance; Kapchorwa, Bukwo, and Kween.

Within the Sebei community, there are three distinct but closely related tribes residing in the northern and northwestern regions of Mount Elgon and its surrounding plains. These tribes include the Sebei, Varied on Sabei, and Sapei, which originates from Sapin. Additionally, two other groups known as Sor and the Mbai are part of the Sebei territory.

The Sebei territory shares borders with the Republic of Kenya, which is home to the Kalenjin, a larger ethnic group to which the Sebei belong. This proximity contributes to cultural exchanges and interactions between the Sebei and other neighboring communities. Through their shared heritage and geographic location, the Sebei maintain a rich cultural identity while also embracing connections with neighboring groups.

Language

The Sebei people, also known as the Sabiny, primarily speak a language called Kupsabiny. This language is a dialect of Kalenjin and is also spoken by other smaller groups of Kalenjin descent who live around Mount Elgon. The Sebei, along with these smaller groups, inhabit the hills of Mount Elgon and are collectively referred to as the Sabaot.

Kupsabiny serves as a means of communication and expression within the Sebei community, allowing individuals to connect with one another and preserve their cultural heritage. Through this language, they pass down stories, traditions, and knowledge from generation to generation. It plays a vital role in maintaining the unique identity and unity of the Sebei people and the broader Sabaot community.

Clan and lineage in Sebei culture

In Sebei culture, belonging to a clan is a fundamental aspect of identity. Each Sebei individual is a member of a clan, which is a patrilineal social group characterized by strict exogamy. This means that individuals must marry outside of their own clan. Clan membership holds significant importance in a person’s life, often being the first thing one identifies about another person.

There are approximately 200 separate clans among the Sebei people, with each clan tracing its ancestry back to a single founder. The name of the clan is typically formed by adding the prefix “kap” to the founder’s name. However, some clans have names derived from mythic stories or from particular habits or practices associated with the clan’s founder.

Clans play a crucial role in the spiritual and social lives of Sebei individuals, with members feeling a deep connection to their clan and its traditions. Clans are often believed to have a kind of genetic inheritance of traits, further emphasizing their significance within the community.

Sebei Culture 

The Sebei people lead a straightforward way of life, primarily focused on agriculture, livestock rearing, and beer production. Jobs commonly held by the Sebei include tending to cattle and cultivating crops, which vary depending on the region they inhabit. Due to their laid-back culture, the need for elaborate social structures is minimal. The Sebei community is generally peaceful, with few instances of criminal activity.

In Sebei culture, there are two main categories of criminal offenses. The most serious offenses involve murder and physical assault, while lower-level offenses may include property disputes or civil conflicts between individuals or groups. Additionally, as a rite of passage, teenage boys and girls undergo circumcision ceremonies within the Sebei community.

Ritual transformation into adulthood in Sebei

In the Sebei culture, the transition from adolescence to adulthood is marked by several ceremonial activities that hold great significance. These ceremonies typically span a period of 1 to 6 months and are a crucial rite of passage for both boys and girls. Boys usually undergo initiation between the ages of 18 to 20, while girls typically participate at a slightly younger age.

Central to these ceremonies is the circumcision of boys, a significant event that symbolizes their transition into manhood. For girls, the counterpart operation involves the complete removal of the labia minora, a procedure known locally as circumcision but more accurately termed labiaectomy or female genital mutilation.

Alongside these primary procedures, there are other ceremonial activities that form part of the initiation process. These may include painting, shaving, and the partial lifting of taboos associated with seclusion.

Female genital mutilation 

The Sabiny people of Kapchorwa District in Uganda are known for their practice of female genital mutilation (FGM), also referred to as female circumcision. Traditionally, Sabiny girls are expected to undergo this procedure shortly after reaching puberty, but before marriage. It is believed that removing the clitoris reduces the temptation for promiscuity. Those who refuse to undergo the procedure are socially ostracized, forbidden from marrying, speaking to circumcised women, or undertaking certain tasks considered exclusive to women.

FGM ceremonies typically occur in December of every even-numbered year. During these communal events, several girls undergo the procedure, which lasts for several days. The actual operation, which only takes a few minutes, involves slicing off the clitoris and part of the labia minora. The procedure is performed without anesthesia or disinfectant, using non-sterilized knives, razors, or even sharp metal or glass. Girls are expected to endure the pain silently, as crying out is seen as cowardice.

Short-term complications of FGM include urinary retention, hemorrhaging, and temporary lameness. In the long term, women often experience extreme pain during sexual intercourse and have an increased risk of childbirth complications. Some may even die from the procedure or suffer from HIV transmission and other sexually transmitted diseases due to vaginal tearing.

Public debates about FGM are traditionally taboo, but efforts to eradicate the practice have gained momentum in recent years. In 2010, Uganda made it illegal to carry out or participate in FGM-related events. Despite opposition from traditionalists, President Yoweri Museveni’s government has been committed to abolishing FGM and promoting women’s rights.Jane Francis Kuka, a local educator, was one of the first to openly oppose FGM in the 1970s. She faced strong opposition from community leaders but persisted in her efforts. The formation of the Sabiny Elders Association in 1992 marked a breakthrough in the campaign against FGM, aiming to preserve positive cultural practices while eliminating harmful traditions like FGM.

Despite these efforts, some Sabiny traditionalists still view FGM as integral to their cultural identity. Uncircumcised women may face social discrimination, while those who perform FGM, particularly female elders, maintain their elevated status in the community.

Overall, while progress has been made in the fight against FGM in Uganda, continued efforts are needed to fully eradicate this harmful practice and promote gender equality and women’s rights.

Tourist attractions around the Sabiny people

Kapchorwa District in Uganda stands out as a premier destination for tourists as the place offers opportunities to discover natural attractions.

Mount Elgon national park

Mount Elgon National Park, situated northeast of Lake Victoria, spans across both Kenya and Uganda. It is home to Africa’s eighth-highest massif, Wagagai Peak, standing at 4,321 meters. The park boasts diverse flora and fauna, and its lower slopes outside the national park feature the renowned Sipi Falls, a popular tourist destination in the Elgon region.

Notably, Mount Elgon National Park is unique in that it straddles the border between Kenya and Uganda, creating a shared space between the two countries. This mountain serves as a crucial water catchment area for two major rivers: the Nzoia River, which flows towards Lake Victoria, and the Turkwel River (also known as the Suam River in Uganda), contributing water to Lake Turkana. The park’s resources play a vital role in sustaining the water supply in the surrounding regions.

During a safari to Sabiny land, visitors can explore nearby attractions such as the Pian-Upe Wildlife Reserve and Kidepo Valley National Park in Nakapiripirit district to the north. These protected areas are home to some of Uganda’s endangered species, including ostriches, cheetahs, hyenas, leopards, lions, elephants, and elands. Additionally, visitors have the opportunity to engage with local communities around the protected areas. Besides the Sebei – Sabiny culture, Uganda is multicultural so don’t miss out these neighboring communities like Bamasaba people, the Karamojong people and the Batwa people around Bwindi impenetrable and Mgahinga National park.