World gorilla day takes place everyone on 24th September. The day is dedicated to raising awareness about the importance of gorilla conservation and ongoing threats these creatures face. World gorilla day serves as a worldwide platform to inspire and celebrate the role gorillas play in the ecosystem and cultural heritage.

World gorilla day was launched in September 2017 in the honor of Dr. Dian Fossey’s  birthday, a renowned primatologist, author and conservationist who dedicated her life to studying the life and saving of mountain gorillas. Most of her work is pioneered and highlighted in a book and film called Gorilla in the mist. This opened people’s eyes to the complex lives of these creatures and challenges they face due to diseases, loss of habitats and poaching. 

Previously gorillas were depicted as scary beasts that only wanted to scare and attack people. Even those that used to visit zoos were terrified by these primates. However, those that were most terrifying were silverback gorillas that were protecting their families from poachers in 1900’s. Notably gorillas are gentle souls unless they are provoked or male who are competing for females.

Gorillas were divided into two species, the eastern and western gorillas. They are then divided into other four subspecies. Western gorillas are divided into western lowland and cross river gorillas. The eastern gorillas are also divided into eastern lowland and mountain gorillas which are the most endangered and few are left in the world. All these gorilla species share approximately 98% of their DNA with humans. Observing these primates in their natural habitat will show you how human-like they are, especially how the mother takes care of the infants and how the family interacts. On a normal day the gorilla family wakes up together and starts moving in search of breakfast. After breakfast, the group takes a short nap and the infants use this opportunity to play and practice climbing and beating the chest as they imitate the adults. Again after resting the group set off for lunch and in the evening they always have last afternoon feed. After the last feed they gather together for grooming. Gorillas are know for building individual nests on the ground where they spend their overnight  

Gorillas play a vital role in the seed dispersal which contributes to regenerating of the forest. This has helped in balancing the ecosystem thus ensuring survival of other animal and plant species. 

Activities that can be done on World Gorilla day

Recycling old electronics

This is one of the activities that contribute to the increase of gorillas in the wild. Most of the gorilla habitats are affected by mining for materials used in making these electronics like cell phones. Electronics are connected to gorillas via an ore called Coltan. The mineral is later refined into Tantalum which coats capacitors inside e-gadgets and makes them energy efficient. Coltan  is found in great quantities in the Congo. Recycling these electronic items reduces the demand for these minerals and also helps in saving their habitats and  raising funds in gorilla conservation. 

Support conservation organization  

Contribute to conservation organizations that are dedicated to gorilla conservation. You can fund research, anti poaching measures, community programs, and protection which are essential for the survival of gorillas. Some of these organizations include; Dian Fossey Gorilla fund and Conservation Through Public Health. These organizations has helped to increase gorilla population in their habitats like Bwindi Impenetrable and Mgahinga National park in Uganda. Volcanoes National park in Rwanda, Virunga and Kahuzi Biega National park in Congo.

Raise awareness on World Gorilla day

This is one of the quickest ways one can use to contribute to gorilla conservation. On World Gorilla day, share information about the gorillas. It may be about the ecological benefits, challenges gorillas face, or critical needs for conservation efforts. It can also be done in the way of  sharing gorilla videos or photographs on social media. Another way can be educating people around you about gorilla conservation.

Shop sustainably

It is advisable to support the business of people around these protected forests. Some of these people rely on business as the source of income that improves their livelihoods and also educating their children. By supporting them will help to end human and wildlife conflicts thus reducing threats to these endangered creatures.

UWA recently translocated 3 Nubian giraffes and several Jackson’s hartebeests to Ziwa Rhino Sanctuary to strengthen its biodiversity. According to official statement, “Ziwa is now a ranging area for giraffes and hartebeests. On your next trip to the sanctuary, you stand a chance to see them alongside other biodiversity at the sanctuary” Including southern white rhinos. Among other wildlife at the sanctuary include antelope species such as Uganda kobs, common duiker, oribis, Bohor reedbucks, bush bucks, and water bucks. There over 146 species of birds including the shoebill stork. Other mammals include; warthogs, bush pigs, Giant pangolins, Aardvarks, African crested porcupines, and genets. Predators include leopard and African civets. There are also primates such as vervet monkeys, black and white colobus monkeys and olive baboons. Ziwa rhino sanctuary offers a wide range of activities for visitors including on foot rhino trekking experience, bird watching, canoeing, nature walks, and shoebill stork treks.

The giraffes were obtained from Murchison falls conservation area famous for harboring 1,450 of 1,575 Uganda’s total giraffe population. Uganda represents almost 50% of Africa’s Nubian giraffes formerly known as Rothschild’s giraffes; which are subspecies of the northern giraffe. Given that Murchison falls has a high number of giraffes. UWA with support from the Giraffe Conservation Foundation and other partners including Uganda Conservation Foundation has previously undertaken conservation translocations of giraffes to restore populations to other protected areas to ensure continuous population increase trends and boost tourism. These translocations have proved to be successful over the years. For instance, 15 giraffe were established in Lake Mburo National Park in 2016 which have since increased to over 24 giraffes. 14 giraffes were translocated from Murchison Falls to Kidepo valley national in 2018. There’s hope that giraffes to Ziwa will increase in number and improve tourism beyond just rhinos.

Ziwa Rhino Sanctuary was established in Nakasongola district to start a rhino breeding program and reintroduce rhinos back to Uganda in 2005. The sanctuary covers 70 sq. km dominated by dry combretum savannah with Euphorbia candelabrum and cactus trees. The area contains permanent swamps as a natural habitat it was selected for survival of species. According to Rhino Resource Center, over 400 eastern black and 300 northern white rhinos once lived in Uganda’s northern region particularly in Murchison falls and Kidepo valley national parks. Sadly all species became extinct due to poaching and wildlife crime triggered by civil unrest of the 1970s. After relative peace and political stability returned, the government through the Uganda Wildlife Authority (UWA) and Rhino Fund Uganda (RFU) started a rhino breeding program to restore the national heritage.

Several activities were first carried out to make the sanctuary ready including construction of a 40 km long 2- meter high 14- strand electric fence around the land, tourist and staff facilities and training of rhino monitoring ranger force. The sanctuary received the first 4 southern white rhinos named Bella, Taleo, Kori, and Moja which came from Solio game reserve in Kenya. Later on 2 more rhinos were shipped from Disney Animal Kingdom Theme Park in USA, making a total of six by 2006. The first rhino calf in Uganda was born on 25 th , June 2009 almost 28 years after extinction. Breeding of rhinos occurs in the natural habitat with successful reproduction the number of rhinos at Ziwa Rhino Sanctuary is now 50. Rangers closely monitor each rhino on an hourly basis and guard the sanctuary day and night. Ziwa is one of Africa’s most secured rhino sanctuaries. As the number continues to raise, the future ultimate plan is to take some of the rhinos from the sanctuary and distribute them across the country. Ajai wildlife reserve in Arua district West Nile sub-region is being prepared for that in future.

Makanaga wetland is an extension of Mabamba swamp Ramsar site located 1hr and 30 minutes drive away from Kampala city. The wetland is found along Namugoba landing site road in Mpigi district. Makanaga wetland is not as popular as Mabamba swamp which is the first choice destination when it comes to shoebill watching and birding in Uganda. The swamp is a home to 200 bird species and 300 plant species. Makanaga has a perfect environment that enables visitors to see shoebill stork and other birds. Some of these birds include, little egret, little stilts, black winged stilt, white faced whistling duck, great egrets, gulls, wood and common sandpiper, long- tailed cormorants, African jacana, yellow-billed duck, gees, black winged terns, pied kingfisher and malachite kingfisher.

Birding watching

Bird watching in Makanaga wetland can be done on the motorized canoe so as to access the mudflats where most of the wintering birds stay during the months of October to May. The marshes harbors secretive birds like spur-winged goose, common squacco heron, spur-winged lapwing, white faced whistling duck among others. Most cases, shoebills are rare in the Makanaga wetland since they move to Mabamba wetland. Makanaga also has migratory birds like the Caspian tern. Some other birds that bring the birders to Makanaga wetland include the southern pochard and papyrus gonolek which is endemic to Lake Victoria. The activity can be done in the morning or evening with the help of the Uganda wildlife authority rangers. In order one to enjoy the experience, visitors should carry field guide book, camera and a pair of binoculars, appropriate clothes like, shoes and boots.

How to get to Makanaga wetland

Makanaga wetland is located in Mpigi district 1hr and 30 mins drive away from Kampala city center depending on traffic. The swamp is accessed by road or water. You drive along Kampala- Masaka highway to Kamengo town. Reaching Kamengo, turn off at Butoolo road and drive for about 20 minutes to Namugoba landing site. Alternatively one can choose to use a boat trip from Mabamba swamp however, the journey is longer.

Lake Victoria also known as Victoria Nyanza is the largest lake in Africa and second largest freshwater lake in the world. The lake is located between Uganda, Kenya and Tanzania and  covers an area of 68800 sq km with the Uganda part covering 45%. The coastline runs 2000 miles around three countries. Lake Victoria was named after Queen Victoria by the British explorer John Speke. However that lake was discovered way back by the locals who left no written records before it was sighted by the Europeans in 1858. According to Speke’s findings it is claimed that lake Victoria is the source of river Nile. Lake Victoria contains about 1000 archipelago islands including the 84 of Ssese islands. These range from tiny spits of land to larger inhabited islets. Each inhabited island has its own character, customs and history for instance the Mfangano island has the ancient rock painting made by the Batwa people. Apart from islands the lake harbors a variety of wildlife animals.

Wildlife in Lake Victoria

Lake Victoria has a number of mammal species and some of these include; hippopotamus, crocodiles, wildebeest, elephant, buffaloes, giant otter shrew,  chimpanzees and marsh mongoose. However these mammal species appear in low numbers. The lake also supports a number of bird species. It also contains reptiles such as Nile crocodile, crustaceans, African helmeted turtle, and four species of freshwater crab. Lake Victoria is also a home to about 200 fish species and haplochromine cichlid. However, most of these species went extinct  and the number has reduced to 80%.

Tourist attractions on lake Victoria

Ngamba island

The island is loathed 27 kilometers southeast of Entebbe town and it is one of popular islands on lake Victoria. Ngamba island chimpanzee sanctuary is a home to 50 chimpanzees which were rescued across East Africa. The sanctuary is managed by  the chimpanzee trust, an NGO that aims to sustainably protect chimpanzees and offer care for chimps which cannot survive in the wild. At Ngamba visitors can decide to have half day or full day trips to explore the area.

Mabamba swamp

The swamp is located north of lake Victoria and it is a home to 300 birds including the shoebill stork. Visitors who go for birding in Mabamba swamp always use canoes to access where they are. They are always accompanied by the local guide who shares the information about the place and the shoebills. In the morning there are always high chances of spotting these birds. Other bird species that can be spotted include the  African marsh harrier.

Ssese islands

The Ssese islands is a group of  84 islands characterized by sandy beaches and sapphire water located in the north of lake Victoria. Among these islands, Bulago island is the most developed with a number of good hotels and beaches. Bulago island offers a number of tourist activities for instance; quad biking, birding, fishing among others. For Banda island is remote however simple and beautiful with a good environment for mediation walks.

Botanical gardens

The gardens are located on the northern shores of lake Victoria. Botanical gardens are known for collections of plant species indigenous and exotic. These plant species include sub tropical, temperate zones, tropical, and several shrubs. Some of these plants are known for medical value. The botanical gardens harbors mammal species like colobus monkeys and bird species like African grey parrot, palm nut vulture and whilst bat hawk that are often seen in the gardens during sunset.

The Kabaka’s trail offers an opportunity to explore the Buganda cultural sites that highlight Buganda’s rich history and cultural heritage. This can be experienced through storytelling, music, dance, museum, food and traditional herbal medicine. The Kabaka’s trail comprises seven cultural sites all located within Kampala. 

Other places you might visit on this tour are historical buildings, Nakasero and Owino markets, Kabaka’s Palace, and lake at Mengo hill.The Buganda kingdom has been in existence for several centuries. The kingdom has been led by 36 kings with the current king being Kabaka Ronald Muwenda Mutebi II. The king heads all developmental activities in the kingdom like social, health, education, economic and cultural aspects. The trail might last for a day depending on the choice of sites and the time spent at each site. Those not ready to trail can use the preferred means of transport such as a boda–boda or taxi tour to get around.

Sites on Kabaka’s trail

Nagalabi- Buddo hill

Naggalabi coronation site is located in Buddo Wakiso district along Kampala- Masaka highway. The hill has been a traditional venue for the coronation of the Buganda kings since the 14th century. This historical site symbolizes the beginning of kingship in Buganda. The history dates back to the victory of king Kintu over Bemba Musota. According to buganda.or.ug website, Kintu and Bemba were brothers. Bemba lived in a house called Buganda at Naggalabi Buddo.

When Kintu who originated from the northeast region arrived, he conquered the area and defeated the indigenous leader Bemba Musota in battle of Ssemanobe. After the battle Kintu slept in Bemba’s house as a sign of victory. He later ordered the new clans to intermarry with the indigenous people creating the Buganda Ethnic group. Nagalabi hill has served as a venue for the coronation of kabaka Ronald Muwenda Mutebi II on 31st July 1993. 

The hill also features different landmarks for instance;  Nakibuuka forest locally referred to as Akabira Nakibuuka where Bemba met his death. This is also where the last and most important coronations rituals are performed. The newly crowned kings always spend nine days in this place contemplating with their cabinet. The Mboneredde tree which acted as the traditional court during the reign of Kabaka Kintu. There is also a Buganda house locally known as akayumba Buganda. 

Katereke prison ditch

The site is located 40 minutes away from Kampala city 1.5 km off Masaka road opposite Nsangi police station. The Katereke prison ditch was dug by king Kalema in the 19th century. This period was identified as demented and brutal in the Buganda kingdom. In 1888 the kingdom was in political confusion as the people who claimed to be muslims overthrew Kabaka Mwanga and succeeded him with king Kiwewa. He also lived a short life and was replaced by king Kalema. However king Kalema was not comfortable with leadership, he was threatened by his siblings. To overcome this he ordered the clan men to construct the prison and he imprisoned all his siblings and later had them slaughtered. The ditch is not too deep and the circle is 70 meters in diameter.

Wamala tombs site on Kabaka’s trail

The tombs are located 30 mins drive from Kampala city in Nansana- Nabweru subcounty Wakiso along Hoima road. The Wamala tombs serve as the final resting place of the 29th king of Buganda Ssekabaka Suuna II. Kabaka Suuna was a son of Kabaka Kamanya. He ruled from 1836 to 1856 but he was very detective and powerful. During his reign he conquered the counties of Buyaga and Bugangayizi counties. Suuna had 218 children from 148 women and he was the last king to have his jaw bone removed and to be buried in this place. Previously in Buganda when the king died they used to remove his jaw and put it in a royal sanctum that is served by their subjects. These jaws were believed to have their spirits.

These tombs are built in African architecture with grass thatched roof at Wamunyenye hill. The road to the top of the hill is lined with filtering stones. The visitors explore artifacts like shields and spears which are said to guard the cloth believed to protect the forest where he went to live a new life. Also the tombs protect the Kabaka’s dead twins’ umbilical cords. The Buganda kingdom takes this place as a sacred site. They hold traditional rituals and ceremonies in this place as a way of communicating to their ancestors. The Baganda are also fond of making sacrifices to the king and other people who were buried in these tombs.

Namasole Kanyange cultural center

The cultural center is located 12 km away from Kampala city center along Bombo road in Kagoma trading center. The Kanyange tombs overlook the Wamala tombs. Namasole Kanyange was a mother to Kabaka Suuna II. Namasole is a title given to the mother of a king in Buganda but Kanyange was a daughter to Sambwa Katende and a wife to Ssekabaka Kamanya.

Kanyange is said to be one of the prettiest, respected, most admired and powerful women in the Buganda kingdom by then. Among the Buganda kings, king Suuna loved his mother so much. When he was crowned to the throne he ordered the construction of a comfortable place for his mother that is near to his residential palace. It is believed that the king did this so as to keep a close eye to his mother.

Namasole Baagalayaze tombs

These are burial grounds of Namasole Baagalayaze, a wife to kabaka Mutesa I and a mother to kabaka Mwanga II who passed away in 1916. Her name was Queen Namasole Abisagi Nakatya but she acquired the Baagalayaze name after helping Kabaka Mutesa I to write a letter inviting the christian missionaries to Buganda.

Baagalayaze was known for being a kind hearted, famous and hardworking woman as she was able to hold between two great and outstanding kings. Unlike her son who killed christians, Baagalayaze gave land to three religious groups which included Anglicans, Catholics and Muslims. On this land many churches, mosques, schools and hospitals were built. The tombs are located 12 kms away from Kampala city along Gayaza road. Apart from tombs visitors can learn more about the Buganda kingdom through storytelling, traditional dance and drama. 

Ekisakatte tourism site

It is also known as Kiranongo meaning courtroom. This historical site is where the young leaders are traditionally trained in various aspects of leadership. The Ekisakate instills values discipline and it has helped to preserve the cultural norms. The center has provided opportunities for knowledge transfer especially through apprenticeship with skilled professionals, which included craftsmanship, such as blacksmithing,  pottery and hunting skills

Sezibwa falls site on Kabaka’s trail

The falls are located 32 kms away from Kampala city along Kampala Jinja road in Mukono district. The name Sezibwa is a luganda phrase “Sezibirwa Kkubo” meaning my path cannot be blocked. The Sezibwa falls are characterized by rocks with sharp edges, a large pool down and the river Sezibwa that pours its water into lake Kyoga. The falls play a crucial role in Buganda culture, history and beliefs as they believe that river Sezibwa to have supernatural powers. According to Buganda legends, it is said that Sezibwa falls was born. The lady by the name of Nakangu Tebatuusa has misunderstandings with the husband and she decided to go back to her parents.

Her father didn’t allow her in but rather to go back and sort out their marital issues with her husband. Her mother escorted her but since she was pregnant, she was not unable to reach home so she gave birth on the way. The twins were in the form of water. The husband found her with the help of a man who saw her going to the bush. They saw water flowing and they were named Sezibwa and Bwanda. The Bwanda flowed towards east and Sezibwa towards west.

Because of this twins are highly valued in Buganda. Their birth is taken as a special blessing and many rituals are performed so as to appease gods. The parents to twins are also given titles as the mother is called Nalongo and the father is called Salongo. Many spirits settled around the waterfall area and shrines were constructed to worship them. Some of these spirits include; Musoke spirit for rain, Kibuuka god of war, Ddungu god of hunting, Musisi for earthquakes, Walumbe god of life and death and Mukasa for fertility, wealth and good health.

The Buganda kings pay a visit to this place so as to seek blessings and good health. The Sezibwa falls were commissioned among the important Buganda tourism sites in 2002 by Kabaka Ronald Muwenda Mutebi II. Apart from falls and rivers, visitors can engage in different activities like rock climbing, bird watching and tasting local foods.

The Kampala monument walk offers an opportunity to explore monuments among other sites that highlight Uganda’s rich history and cultural heritage. Other places you might visit on this tour historical buildings, Nakasero and Owino markets, Kabaka’s Palace, and lake at Mengo hill. Those intending to walk can expect to cover a distance of over 5 km across three hills of Kampala which include Nakasero, Mengo and Rubaga hills. The monument walk might last for half day depending on the choice of sites and the time spent at each site. Those not ready to walk can use the preferred means of transport such as a boda–boda tour to get around.

The Uganda independence monument

The Kampala monument walk usually starts from the independence sculpture with an introduction on how Uganda obtained independence from the British Empire on 9^th October 1962. The monument is situated along Nile Avenue below Sheraton Kampala hotel gardens in the city center. Standing at 6 meters tall, the concrete and metal sculpture was made in a shape of a mother lifting up a baby raising hands looking towards the sky which symbolizes freedom from colonialism. The British declared Buganda kingdom as their protectorate in 1894 and the name was later shortened to Uganda when all other traditional kingdoms including Ankole and Bunyoro-Kitara Empire were brought under one political unit. Among those that influenced the independence included Sir Edward Mutesa II, the 35^th Kabaka of Buganda kingdom who also became the first president of Uganda by the Act of the National Assembly. His statue stands just opposite the independence monument and should be visited as well.

The Statue of leadership

Moving down to Kampala road in front of Amber House is the sculpture of Sir Apollo Kaggwa, the former Prime Minister (Katikiro) of Buganda kingdom between 1890s – 1920s. Kaggwa belonged to the Grasshopper clan, one of the 42 clans of Buganda. He worked to maintain and strengthen traditional institutions within Buganda including Buganda parliament known as Lukiiko that sits at Bulange building on Mengo hill. For instance, he encouraged the documentation of oral traditions, history, and literature in Luganda language. Some of his books include the customs of Baganda and the Kings of Buganda which continue to benefit the generations to learn about the cultural heritage of Buganda kingdom. Kagwa also promoted education within Buganda, encouraging the establishment of schools from 1996 there are 10 private primary schools that offer education to both Ugandan and non-Ugandan children based on the National Curriculum.

Nakasero market

The walk continues to Nakasero food market, one of the oldest markets in Uganda built during the colonial era in the early 20^th century. As such, there several old architectural buildings built by Asians that have survived demolition making for a historical trading street. This reflects the contribution to the Indian community to the economic development of Uganda. Most importantly, Nakasero is place where you will experience the lively Kampala’s fresh food scene firsthand. From fruits and vegetables to spices, meats, and local delicacies including grasshoppers and Rolex, Nakasero market is a hub for local farmers, traders. Given that it is uniquely located in the heart of Kampala capital city it is easier to access for those intending to shop for fresh produce. In addition to food, Nakasero market is also vibrant with Ugandan art and culture and attracts street live performances from guitarists to popular Ugandan genres like Kadongo Kamu. Visitors are allowed to showcase their talent with the proper arrangement through a tour operator.

Shikma Indian Temple

When Leaving Nakasero hill walking to Owino market in the downtown area, you can visit the majestic temple. Built in the 1950s and inaugurated in the 1960s by the Shree Sanatan Dharma Mandal faith organization, the temple was built without iron or steel bars yet it has four floors high.

The Uganda Police Directorate of Fire Brigade

Another site not to miss on Kampala monument walk is the Fire Brigade headquarters which is responsible for firefighting and emergency response services in the Greater Kampala Metropolitan Area.  It plays a crucial role in ensuring public safety and responding to fire emergencies among other disasters.  Visiting the site offers an opportunity to meet with the fire brigade teams and learn about how they safeguard lives and property of Ugandans.

Owino Market

Established in the early 1970s, Owino Market, also known as St. Balikuddembe market is one of the largest and busiest markets in Kampala capital city downtown area. The market offers an incredible diversity of goods both local Ugandan made and imported including fresh produce, clothing, electronics, household goods, and fabrics. At Owino you can witness the entrepreneurial spirit among the youth under the age of 30 who constitute almost 78% of Uganda’s population.  In addition to shopping, you can pay homage to the legacy of Ssekabaka Balikuddembe, whom the market was named after. He was among the first people in Buganda kingdom to be baptized as a catholic martyr on 30^th April, 1882 by Fr. Lourdel Simeon, the leader of the White Fathers Mission to Uganda. As such, Owino market is a highlight of the Uganda martyrs trail which commemorates the 25 both Anglican and Catholic martyrs that were killed for failure to denounce their religious faith on orders of Kabaka Mwanga. Balikuddembe was beheaded on 15^th November, 1885 at Nakivubo when he was 26 years old.

Kabaka’s Palace

From Owino market, you will make your way to Mengo hill, home to the former palace of the king of Buganda. The modern Kabaka’s palace was built in 1922 that replaced the old grass thatched house that was built back in 1885 during the reign of Kabaka Mwanga (II). It was the official residence of the king however. Due to the complex interplay between traditional authority and colonial governance in Uganda’s political history, the former president Milton Obote attacked the palace in an attempt to abolish traditional kingdoms. The attack resulted into a civil war known as the Kabaka crisis of 1966 through which the army created torture chambers within the palace compound where many people who opposed his regime were tortured and murdered.

As such, the palace became an abomination to the kingdom and was abandoned for good that no king shall ever live there again. Mengo Palace stands as a symbol of Buganda’s rich cultural heritage and political history as shown by other monuments and sites that surround it including the Nantawetwa drum, totems, Bulange building and Kabaka’s lake.

Nantawetwa drum

Opposite the palace is the Bulange parliamentary building of Buganda kingdom. The two buildings are connected by a mile long road known as the Royal Mile Walk. In between the path, a big male drum monument called Nantawetwa was built along the roundabout with a gate that’s used only by the Kabaka. According to an oral legend, the Kabaka of in Buganda must follow a straight path when moving to and from the palace to Bulange. So, the monument was created with a gate only for Kabaka to move through and avoid going around the roundabout.

The sculptures of 42 clans of Buganda kingdom

Side by side of the Royal Mile Walk, there are several sculptures representing the totems of some of the 42 clans of Buganda kingdom. Each clan within the kingdom has a specific totem, usually an animal, plant, or object, which represents their ancestry and heritage. Exploring these totems provides insights into the intricate social structure and lineage systems of Buganda society.

Bulange building

Bulange building is the administrative center of Buganda where the parliament (Lukiiko) convenes and is presided over by the prime minister and the clan leaders to discuss important matters concerning the governance of the kingdom.

Kabaka’s lake

Kabaka’s Lake, one of the largest man-made lakes in Uganda, is steeped in history having been commissioned by Kabaka Mwanga II in 1880s. According to historical archives, the king wanted to create a man made water channel connecting to Lake Victoria. The construction of the lake is associated with both practical and symbolic meanings in Buganda culture. For instance, the legend states that the king wanted to create an escape route, which wasn’t fulfilled. Today, the lake acts as a water reservoir and a bird sanctuary and also offers canoeing and boat ride activities.

After exploring Mengo hill and its attractions, the Kampala monument walk comes to an end with lunch at preferred restaurant. Visiting these Kampala monuments among other landmarks offers a holistic view of Buganda’s cultural heritage and history of Uganda at large. Visitors can gain insights from the past to the present generations how traditions, governance structures, and spiritual beliefs have shaped Uganda society over the time.

The political system of Uganda occurs in an authoritarian context. This dates back to 1894 when  Uganda was a British protectorate. Uganda  was put together in organized kingdoms and chieftaincies around the great lakes region of central Africa. 

History of Political system in Uganda

Later in 1962 when Uganda attained her independence and Dr Apollo Milton Obote who was the leader of Uganda Peoples Congress (UPC) became the first prime minister and the head of government. However a year before indepence the party had lost in several elections to Democratic party (DP). Later  UPC had to collaborate with the pro-monarchy party Kabaka Yekka (KY) which aimed at protecting the institution and the power of the Buganda kingdom so that it doesn’t lose again.

In November 1963 Kabaka Mutesa II the then king of Buganda was elected as the ceremonial president of Uganda sealing the political alliance between UPC and KY. However, this alliance didn’t last long due to differences in agendas between the political party leaders. These include obote’s supporting a referendum on the belonging of the counties of Buwekula, Buyaga and Bugangayizi that belonged to Buganda Kingdom by then. These counties were claimed by the neighboring kingdom of Bunyoro. The referendum stated that the Buganda Kingdom withdrew the two counties to revert them to Bunyoro Kingdom. The King of Buganda was forced to sign the two acts pertaining to the lost counties.  It was upon accusations of dereliction of duty by the President other reasons were not mentioned. Obote decided to suspend the 1962 constitution and on 22nd February 1966 he decided to take over all the power of the state which led to the 1966 crisis.

In April 1966 Obote introduced a new constitution known as pigeonhole constitution where he was supposed to be voted on that very day. The troops stormed the parliament and the constitution was passed without debates. The members of the house were told that they would find their copies in the pigeonholes. Among other things, the federal constitution of the kingdoms was abolished and the prime minister office merged with that of the president. All the executive powers were granted to Obote and Uganda was declared a Republic. This constitution was not accepted by Kabaka and his subjects, insisting on the 1962 constitution. On 24th May 1966 the army stormed the kabaka’s palace in Mengo under the command of Idi Amin Dada but on orders of Obote. The Kabaka managed to escape and he was exiled to Britain where he died. In 1967 president Obote abolished all monarchs and all political parties except UPC making Uganda one party state. The parliament became the constituent assembly.

On 25th January 1971, Idi Amin led the disgruntled army which overthrew Obote. This was the beginning of the era of terror,  tribulation of Ugandans and expelling of Asians especially the Indians and this lasted for 8 years. This led to decline in the country’s  economy.  

According to what had happened in April 1979 Ugandans combined forces under the Uganda National Liberation Front (UNLF) with the help of Tanzania people’s Defence force overthrew Amin’s regime. The party brought together all the disparate Ugandans who had a common goal of fighting the Amin regime. The UNLF was under the leadership of Yusuf Lule who stayed in power for 68 days. After president Lule, Godfrey Binaisa replaced him and then Paulo Muwanga who chaired the Military commission in 1980 that won the general elections.  However UPC was declared the winner of these elections and they were considered rigged. This led to the rise of Obote for a second time as the president of the Republic of Uganda. During this period Ugandans went through trying moments as there was an increase in the insecurities as well as ongoing liberation struggle and the economy was shuttered.

The liberation struggle was led by Yoweri Musevi who was the chairman of the Military commission and the president of the Uganda patriotic movement. The struggle was launched on 6th february in 1981 with 26 compatriots under the umbrella of National Resistance Army. The NRA had divided the country into two different administrative zones and the UNLA was able to force out Obote from the president’s seat on 26th July 1985. Obote II was replaced by the military junta of Generals Tito Okello Lutwa and Bazilio. On 26th February 1986 Tito Okello Lutwa died however the country was now in the control of the NRA. Yoweri Kaguta Museveni was sworn in as the president of the Republic of Uganda. He has the task of rebuilding the country and its human fabric from scratch. To enable this tasks He has ruled the country as an autocrat as the political parties were banned from 1986 to 2006. This was done so that a lot can be achieved over the next ten years as he had stated. The NRA continued to face a lot of challenges including the reactionary UNLA forces in northern Uganda.

Current political system

In 1995 a new constitution was formed creating a non party all inclusive movement system of the government. In the constitution monarchies were restored including the Buganda kingdom except for the Ankole kingdom. The restored monarchies had limits to cultural matters. It also removed presidential term limits and the multi-political party system was legalized. However all the political parties remained suspended and elections to most political offices were given a right to vote. The marginalized groups like women, workers, youths and the disabled were given special treatment in all the administrative units in the government. With the first female vice president in Sub Saharan Africa Specioza Wandira Kazibwe who was appointed in 1994. The military also got representatives in the parliament. This system was supposed to be reviewed every after 4 years. 

Later in 1996 general elections were held and Yoweri Museveni was returned as the president of Uganda. He became the first president to be elected by people. In 2001 he was again returned by the popular mandate to the office of president. 

The Uganda multi party referendum was held in July 2005 and Ugandans resolved to restore to the multi party politics this was the end of the movement system. In February 2006 multi party elections were held for both parliament and presidential offices. Again president Yoweri Kaguta Museveni under the National Resistance Movement (NRM) defeated his opponent Dr Kizza Besigye from the Forum for Democratic Change (FDC). The NRM took the highest of the seats in parliament. However Besigye didn’t accept his defeat. He claimed fraud and rejected the results. The supreme court of Uganda ruled that the elections were ruined by violence, voter disenfranchisement, intimidation and other irregularities. The courts decided to go with a majority vote. From that time Museveni has used legal means including violence and patronage so as to  maintain power. 

Political parties and elections

Presidential elections

Under the constitution of Uganda, the head of the state is the president who is elected by the popular vote to a five year term. The recent presidential elections took place on 14th February 2021 with 11 aspirants including a woman. These elections were marred with violence and condemnation and sanctions against individuals and organizations responsible for human rights. Uganda’s current president is Yoweri Kaguta Museveni who is also the leader of the armed forces. Museveni was elected with 58.38% votes. In addition to the presidential office, there is a cabinet which is appointed by the president. Among these offices include; the prime minister who is the head of government business and assists the president in the supervision of the cabinet.  The current prime minister is Robinah Nabbanja. Others include the vice president, and a number of ministers who run the state. All the executive power is exercised by the government. The legislative power is given to both the government and National Assembly. This system is based on democracy as citizens above 18 years have equal rights.

Judiciary and politics

The Judiciary operates independently and consists of supreme court, courts of appeal (also works as constitutional court), high courts and magistrate courts. The judges in high court and Court of Appeal are appointed by the president those court of Appeal are approved by the legislature

The cultural center is located 12 kms from Mbarara city and 13 km away from Lake Mburo national park  along Masaka – Mbarara highway in western Uganda. Igongo cultural center is one of the best places in Uganda where one can experience the culture of people from western Uganda. For instance the Bakiga, Banyankole, Banyoro and Batooro. The cultural center offers traditional dance and drama, farm tour, traditional milk and ghee processing, traditional millet grinding and museum tour. Igongo cultural center is strategically located near national parks in south west and western Uganda. The nearby national parks include Queen Elizabeth, Lake Mburo, Bwindi impenetrable and Mgahinga national park

Tourist attractions at Igongo cultural center

Erijukiro museum

This is one of museums in Uganda that preserves the ancient Ankole culture. There are a lot of items kept in this museum that refer to the Ankole kingdom. For instance the long horned cattle  which represents the Ankole cattle keepers. Other items include hides and skins, stools, milk pots, regalia, Ankole attires, and the Mburo gardens which features the people and animals of long ago in Ankole. The Erijukiro museum attracts researchers, students and cultural tourists.

Mpororo court

It is also known as Kitami palace. Inside the palace there are milk pots, royal drums, spears, statues of women council and regalia. The local guide will take you around telling about the leadership of Mpororo kingdom in the 18th century.

Cultural village

The village is also known as Itaramiro meaning where people gather. This cultural village consists of grass thatched huts bearing designs of farmers and cattle keepers. Tourists are able to meet with local communities who share stories, riddles and proverbs about the Ankole kingdom to them.

The Eclipse monument

The place is also known as the 1520 AD Biharwe Eclipse monument and it is located across the Igongo cultural center. The story about this monument dates back to 1520 AD when the three kings involved in the fight. It is said that the king of Bunyoro Omukama Rwitamahanga Olimi I attacked the king of Ankole, Nyabugaro Ntaro I and Buganda’s Ssekabaka Nakibinge at Biharwe hill. The king of Bunyoro and his companions raided all of their cattle. As they were taking them to Bunyoro kingdom the place experienced a total eclipse. When the darkness fell the king thought that demons of people that lost their lives during the war had started to haunt them. The king of Bunyoro directed his subjects to leave behind the cows and run to save their lives. The Banyankole shared the abandoned cows and other items that were taken during the war among themselves. They named these cows Empenda ya Munoni claiming that they were from heaven. The Biharwe hill eclipse monument offers clear views of the Igongo cultural center. 

Accommodation 

There are a number of hotels around Igongo cultural center ranging from budget, midrange to luxury. These include Agip hotel, Rwizi arch hotel, lake view resort hotel and hotel triangle. All of these accommodations have enough parking space and security. They also offer breakfast depending on your budget.

How to access Igongo cultural center

Igongo cultural center can be accessed by air or road. By air, one can board from Entebbe airport or Kajjansi airstrip to Mbarara airstrip taking 48 mins. Later the company guide will pick you and embark on a 30 mins drive via Mbarara northern bypass and Mbarara – Masaka road later you will be able to access the Igongo cultural center. 

By road from Kampala city to Igongo cultural center  the journey is 256 km (4 hrs and 30 mins drive). However many tourists prefer road to air transport since they are able to see how people meet their daily lives along the way. There are also other tourist attractions that one can make a stop over for some activities for instance equator for photos, lake Mburo National park for wildlife safari, community walks and horse riding. 

The Kyeganywa hill is located in Kabarole district near Kabindikwa and Kangolya town a few kilometers from Fort Portal City western Uganda. The hill is 1588 meters above sea level. Hiking Kyeganywa hill offers entire views of Fort Portal city and Rwenzori mountains. Since the place is dotted with crater lakes, the top of this hill offers a panoramic 360 view of three crater lakes for instance lake Kigere, Saaka and Nyabikora. In case one wants to have clear views of lake Saaka you have to climb up to the top of the hill. Climbing Kyeganywa hill takes an hour to and fro.

Tourist attractions near Kyeganywa hill

Amabere ga Nyina Mwiru caves

The caves are located in Nyakasura village 10 kms away from FortPortal city and 32 kms from Kibale forest National park. Amabere ga Nyina Mwiru means the breasts of Nyina Mwiru where the caves got their names. Nyinamwiru was a daughter to king Bukuku of the Batembuzi dynasty in the 14th century. The Batembuzi were believed to have demigods and supernatural powers as they could vanish in the air. The caves are built on the folklore of Nyinamwiru’s  refusal to get married to the man her father King Bukuku had chosen. Her disobedience  maddened her father and the subjects were embarrassed on how the king was disobeyed. Later the king decided to cut off her breasts and threw them in the caves. This was done so that no man could fall for Nyinamwiru and also she couldn’t breastfeed her kids. However other stories state that the cutting of Nyinamwiru’s breast was done following the prophecy the king got. The prophecy stated that Nyinamwiru would marry and produce a son called Ndawura who would kill the king and take over the kingship. King Bukuku was not happy with this so he decided to cut off his daughter’s breasts, deforming her so that no man would fall for her. Little did he know that Nyinamwiru was pregnant already. Geographically, these breast-like features on the caves explain the stalactites and stalagmites. These features were formed as a result of chemical reactions between water and the limestone. Within the Amabere caves there are three crater lakes, footprints of the demigods and waterfall. 

Kibale forest National park

The national park is located in western Uganda covering an area of 795 sq kms most covered with tropical forest. Kibale forest National park is famously known for having the highest number of the primates in East Africa with the most popular activity being chimpanzee tracking. The park boasts 120 mammal species including 13 primate species. For instance chimpanzees, black and white colobus monkeys, olive baboons, red tailed monkeys, L’Hoest monkeys among others. Other mammals include; elephants, antelopes and buffaloes. The primates walks are done in different centers within the park; these include Kanyanchu visitors center for chimpanzee trekking. Bigodi swamp is used for birding and other primates watching. The forest is also a home to 370 birds including 23 Albertine rift endemics; these include; blue headed bee eater, lowland masked apalis, cassin’s spinetail and Nahan’s Francolin. 

Semliki National park

The park is located in the western region of Uganda, Bundibugyo district sharing its borders with the Democratic Republic of Congo (DR Congo). Semliki National park is nestled between Lake Albert to the north and the Rwenzori Mountains to the east and surrounded by the Lamia and Semliki rivers. The protected area was originally established as the Bwamba forest reserve in 1932. Later in 1993 it transformed into a national park with an aim of combating deforestation and preserving the area’s biodiversity. Semliki boasts an array of 60 mammal species and over 435 bird species. The birds checklist features 35 Guinea-Congo forest biome bird species which are endemic to East Africa. These include Congo serpent eagle, red-rumped tinkerbird, Gabon woodpecker, spot-breasted ibis, black dwarf hornbill, Hartlaub’s duck, long-tailed hawk, and chestnut-flanked goshawk. The park’s ecosystem extends to the insect population. Semliki has over 300 butterfly species, including 46 species of forest swallowtail and 235 moth species. The park has a number of tourist attractions for instance Sempaya hot springs, cultural encounters, Semliki river among others.

Rwenzori mountains

The Ruwenzori mountains are also known as Rwenzori or Rwenjura, and sometimes referred to as Rwenzururu, is a mountain range located in southwestern region of Uganda on the eastern side of the Albertine African rift valley. The mountains are along the border with the Democratic Republic of the Congo (DRC) sharing 50 km (31 mi) with DRC’s Virunga National Park.  The Rwenzori mountains have six massifs that stretch 120 kms long and 65 km wide. These massifs are separated by deep gorges these include; Mount Stanley (5,109 meters), Mount Speke (4,890 meters), Mount Baker (4,843 meters), Mount Emin (4,798 meters), Mount Gessi (4,715 meters), and Mount Luigi di Savoia (4,627 meters). Among these Mount Stanley boasts many other subsidiary summits with Margherita being the highest. Within the mountains there are over 70 mammal species and these can be seen when hiking the Rwenzori mountains. Among these mammals include Albertine endemics, some exclusive to the park and are classified as rare species. During mountain climbing tourists are able to spot some of these mammals for instance elephants, brushbacks, Rwenzori otters among others.

The Rwenzori mountains are found in the western  Uganda in the eastern arm of rift valley extending across the Democratic Republic of Congo and Virunga National Park. The Rwenzori mountains also known as Rwenjura or Rwenzururu are ranges of mountains with 6 peaks separated by gorges for instance; Mount Luigi di Savoia 4,627m, Mount Gessi 4,715m, Mount Emin 4,798 m, Mount Baker 4,843m, Mount Speke (4,890m), and Mount Stanley at 5,109m. Mount Stanley has other minor peaks, with Margherita being the highest peak making it the third highest in Africa. The upper regions of these ranges are permanently snow-capped and glaciated.

These mountains are located in Rwenzori Mountain National park that covers an area of 996 sq kms with rocky outcrops, lakes, cliffs, and different vegetation zones. The park was gazetted and recognised as a World heritage site in 1991. Later in 2008 the protected area was recognized as a Ramsar site. Hiking the Rwenzori mountains takes from 7 to 12 days to complete the trek to the peak depending on the routes one uses. There are other itinenaries for instance 9 days mountain Rwenzori hiking. These  treks go through the Bakonzo villages.

The Rwenzori Mountains have different hiking routes, each providing a unique experience with different attractions along the way. Some of these hiking trails include:

The Central Circuit Trail is the shortest and most popular old tracking route used by mountaineers to Margherita peak. The trail starts from Mihunga gate and passes through Bukuju via John matte and Nyabitaba. Then the trail leads to other peaks to the scott elliot pass to lake Kitandara, Elena Glacier and Bujuku valley. Further it navigates through different vegetation zones that offer views of Mount stanley, Mount speke and the weismann peak. The trail crosses the lower and upper bigo bogs which support the boardwalks in the area. Also the route follows thick forests that are habitat to different mammal and bird species. For Instance; forest elephants, forest buffaloes, hyraxes, L’Hoest monkeys, black and white colobus monkeys while birds include; handsome francolin, strange weaver, barred long tailed cuckoo, and Rwenzori Turaco. Along the way there are distributed huts that are used for overnight stays by the Mountaineers. These huts are weather condition tolerant. The safaris along this trail typically takes around 6 to 7 days to complete depending on one’s strength and preference. The central circuit trail is managed by Rwenzori mountaineering service owned by the locals around Rwenzori mountains.

The Kilembe Trail also known as the southern circuit located 14 km west of Kasese municipality and managed by the Rwenzori Trekking service (RTS). The trail starts from the town of Kilembe and passes through lush montane forests, bamboo zones, and alpine. It also follows the combination of trails along the Kamusoni, Nyamugasani and Nyamwamba river valleys. Professor Scott Elliot first discovered this route in 1895 before Luigi di Savoia had developed another route from Nyakalengija via the Bujuku valley. Using the Kilembe trail the hiking distance to the peak is longer compared to when one has used a central circuit. Being the longest route, Kirembe trail offers climbing experience and views of glaciers, lake Muhoma as well as flora and fauna. This will also lead to pushing the excursion for more days.

Lake Mahoma Trail is another alternative to the central circuit and was opened in 2012. The route is short and more wildlife oriented. Mountaineers hike from Nyakalengija trail at an altitude of 2088m into bamboo forest where the glacial lake Muhoma offers a view of the high peaks. The trail takes 2 to 3 days to complete and offers scenic views of waterfalls, rivers, and dense forests. Tourists are able to see different mammal species along the way like L’Hoest monkeys, blue monkeys, black and white colobus monkeys, forest elephants and forest buffoles.  The trail is suitable for hikers of all fitness levels and provides opportunities for cultural encounters with local communities.

The Bukunguru trail was developed after the central circuit and Kilembe trail. The trail is mostly used by wild nature enthusiasts and those who like camping. Along the route there are four lakes for instance; Irene, Bujuku, Mughuli and Bukunguru. These are accompanied by the mountain rivers and waterfalls. This trail takes 8 days to complete or to reach Margherita peak. There are no huts though having safe organized areas and all the routes on this trail are managed by the Bujuku eco tours.

However as of May 14 2024, Uganda Wildlife Authority temporarily suspended hiking activities to Margherita peak in Rwenzori National park. The organization came up with the decision of installing a permanent ladder on the right side of Margherita glacier as precautionary measure for the crevasse formation in the Margherita glacier. This alternative route offers secure passage for hikers

Best time to climb Rwenzori mountains

Climbing Rwenzori mountains can be done any time around the year, although the best time to climb is during the dry seasons that occur from June to August and December to February. During these months, the weather is generally more stable with lower chances of rainfall and tourists are able to see Rwenzori mountain at its finest. During the months of December to February the weather tends to be steady with warm days and cold nights. Tourists in these months are able to climb up to the peak and summit the margherita. Also this short period of time offers tourists an opportunity to see Rwenzori mountains at their best. 

Mountain Rwenzori national park is visited more often during these months of dry season and tourists get the opportunity to enjoy the chilly weather around the mountains. However, the Rwenzori Mountains can experience rainfall at any time of the year due to their proximity to the equator. Even during the dry seasons, it can drizzle and tourists should be prepared for variable weather conditions regardless of when you choose to climb.